When pneumonia is not just pneumonia

When do we need to suspect that the pneumonia is not just pneumonia?

1. When patient presented with recurrent pneumonia
2. When pneumonia is persistent
3. When patient developed severe complicated pneumonia
4. When there is a persistent localised lung finding
5. Suspicious imaging
6. Failure to thrive

There are many conditions that can present with pneumonia:

1. Congenital lung malformation: congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), intra- and extra- lobar pulmonary sequestration (PS), bronchogenic cysts, congenital large hyperlucent lobe (CLHL, also reported as congenital alveolar overdistension, formerly known as congenital lobar emphysema) and bronchial atresia.
2. Recurrent aspiration
3. Retained foreign body aspiration
4. Primary or secondary immunodeficiency
5. Cystic Fibrosis
6. Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Case illustrations and when to suspect pneumonia with underlying conditions are discussed.